|
"A" language
Native language or a foreign language spoken with native proficiency from which an interpreter can render all modes of interpretation.
|
|
|
"B" language
Foreign language from which an interpreter can render interpretation.
|
|
|
16-bit Unicode transformation format
Variable-length character encoding form that can represent Unicode or ISO characters in a 16-bit series suitable for storage or transmission in data networks. Commonly abbreviated UTF-16.
|
|
|
32-bit Unicode transformation format
Fixed-length, four-byte method for encoding Unicode characters. Commonly abbreviated UTF-32.
|
|
|
8-bit Unicode transformation format
Variable-length character encoding form that can represent any character from almost all the languages in the world. Commonly abbreviated UTF-8.
|
|
|
Accent mark
Small symbol placed above or near a letter, usually to distinguish its pronunciation from a similar word.
|
|
|
Accreditation
Formal process by which the knowledge, skills, and/or abilities of an individual – such as a translator or interpreter – or an organization – such as an LSP – are evaluated.
|
|
|
Accredited translator
A translator who has successfully met the requirements for accreditation.
|
|
|
Active language
Language into which an interpreter renders interpretation.
|
|
|
Ad hoc interpreter
Person who provides interpretation services on an irregular basis, usually without the benefit of any formal training or professional preparation.
|
|
|
Adaptation
Process of converting information into an appropriate format for the target language and culture.
|
|
|
Advocacy
Practice by which an interpreter acts on behalf of either of the parties for which he or she renders interpretation. This practice is encouraged by some and discouraged by others.
|
|
|
Agglutinating language
Language in which, through agglutination, a single word can constitute a complete sentence, sometimes resulting in units of measure other than price per word (such as price per line, per character or per page) for calculating translation costs.
|
|
|
Agglutination
Process of adding one or more affixes to a word or combining components of words into a single word, often conveying complex ideas.
|
|
|
Alignment
Process of matching segments of text with their translated renditions, creating equivalents between a source text and target text.
|
|
|
Alignment tool
Application that automatically pairs versions of same text in the source and target languages in a table. Also called bi-text tool.
|
|
|
Ambiguity
Situation in which the intended meaning of a phrase is unclear and must be verified – usually with the source text author – in order for translation to proceed.
|
|
|
Anglophone
Person who speaks English.
|
|
|
Apache
Open source web server supported by the Apache Software Foundation.
|
|
|
API
Acronym for application programming interface.
|
|
|
Apostille
Official attachment or stamp sometimes applied to translations of public and private documents as proof of authenticity for countries that have signed the Hague Convention on Documents.
|
|
|
Application programming interface
Set of specified procedures or functions provided by a service or operating system to computer programs’ requests for support. Commonly abbreviated as API.
|
|
|
AQ
Abbreviation for availability quotient.
|
|
|
Arabic Eastern numerals
See Eastern Arabic numerals.
|
|
|
Arabic numerals
Set of ten numerals (0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9) that comprise the most commonly used symbolic representation of numbers throughout the world.
|
|
|
Artificial intelligence
Branch of computer science devoted to creating intelligent machines that produced the first efforts toward machine translation.
|
|
|
Artificial language
Language used by machines.
|
|
|
Authoring
Process of producing textual content.
|
|
|
Automated publishing
Computerized production of content and presentation.
|
|
|
Automated translation
Synonym for machine translation.
|
|
|
Automatic recognition
Method that automates the translation of terms through the use of an electronic dictionary and computer-assisted translation software, proposing target language equivalents and facilitating consistency of terminology and style.
|
|
|
Automatic translation
Synonym for machine translation.
|
|
|
Availability quotient
Metric that objectively ranks what percentage of the total online population can access each level of experience on any given site. Commonly abbreviated AQ.
|
|
|
Back translation
Process of translating a previously translated text back into its source language.
|
|
|
BIDI
Abbreviation for bidirectionality.
|
|
|
Bidirectional
Script that normally reads from right to left but contains some exceptions in which other characters, like numerals, read from left to right. Hebrew and Arabic are examples of bidirectional languages.
|
|
|
Bidirectional interpretation
Interpretation that takes place in both directions. For example, spoken language is rendered from English into Japanese, and from Japanese into English.
|
|
|
Bidirectionality
Quality or characteristic in a software program or application that facilitates work on bidirectional text. Commonly abbreviated BIDI.
|
|
|
Bidule
Portable equipment used for providing simultaneous interpretation with only a microphone and sometimes headphones instead of a sound isolation booth.
|
|
|
Big-5
Method of character encoding used in Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan for Traditional Chinese characters.
|
|
|
Bilingual
Person who speaks at least one language fluently and exhibits near-native proficiency or fluency in the second.
|
|
|
Bilingual corpus
See bi-text database.
|
|
|
Bi-text
Document consisting of versions of a particular text in both the source and target languages.
|
|
|
Bi-text database
Collection of bi-texts. Also called bilingual corpus.
|
|
|
Bi-text tool
See alignment tool.
|
|
|
Bitmap
Grid of pixels with individual color values.
|
|
|
BRIC
Abbreviation for Brazil, Russia, India, and China, the four countries with economies expected to surpass the richest countries in the world by the year 2050. This term was first used in a thesis by Goldman Sachs investment bank.
|
|
|
Browse CEL
Customer experience level in which a visitor learns about a category, options, and benefits.
|
|
|
Buy CEL
Customer experience level in which a visitor completes a financial or equivalent contractual transaction.
|
|
|
C2JK
Abbreviation for the four most commonly requested Asian languages for translation projects: Simplified Chinese, Traditional Chinese, Japanese, and Korean. Also called CJK and KCCJ.
|
|
|
CAI
Abbreviation for computer-assisted interpretation.
|
|
|
Captioning
Text-based versions of dialogue in films and television programs in the same language or another language, most commonly displayed at the bottom of the screen.
|
|
|
CAT
Abbreviation for computer-assisted translation.
|
|
|
CAT tools
See computer-assisted translation software.
|
|
|
CCJK
Abbreviation for the four most commonly requested Asian languages for translation projects: Simplified Chinese, Traditional Chinese, Japanese, and Korean. Also called CJK and KCCJ
|
|
|
CEL
Abbreviation for customer experience level.
|
|
|
Certification
Process by which the knowledge, skills, and/or abilities of an individual – such as a translator or interpreter – or an organization – such as an LSP – are evaluated. 2. Statement from a translator regarding his or her qualification
|
|
|
Certified interpreter
Interpreter who has successfully met the requirements of a certification process.
|
|
|
Certified translation
Translation that is accompanied by a statement from the language service provider, and/or translator or a third party individual or authority attesting to the accuracy of the translation.
|
|
|
Chance interpreter
Person who provides interpretation services on an irregular basis, usually without the benefit of any formal training or professional preparation.
|
|
|
Character encoding
Character encoding. Mapping from a character set definition to the actual code units used to represent the data.
|
|
|
Character set
Collection of symbols or characters that correspond to textual information in a language or language group.
|
|
|
Chuchotage
Delivery method for simultaneous interpretation in which the interpreter sits behind the listener, simultaneously interpreting while the speaker talks and whispering the rendition into the listener’s ear.
|
|
|
Chunk
Smallest unit of content in a content management system.
|
|
|
|
|
CJKV
Acronym for Chinese, Japanese, Korean, and Vietnamese.
|
|
|
Coarse-grained TM
Translation memory based on large clause- or sentence-based segments.
|
|
|
Code page
Character set that assigns code point value or numeric value to each character.
|
|
|
Cognates
Words that share a common origin.
|
|
|
Collaborative translation
Emerging approach to translation in which companies use the elements of crowdsourcing in a controlled environment for working on large corporate projects in short periods of time.
|
|
|
Collation sequence
Order of a character set that can be represented on a computer.
|
|
|
Collocation
Group of words that work together to express a single concept, object, or action.
|
|
|
Colophon
Description, logo, or note at the end of a text.
|
|
|
Community interpreting
Interpretation provided in social and public services settings.
|
|
|
Computational linguistics
Study of processing natural languages through information technology.
|
|
|
Computer-aided translation
See computer-assisted translation.
|
|
|
Computer-assisted interpretation
Process by which a human interpreter uses computer software to facilitate interpretation. Commonly abbreviated CAI.
|
|
|
Computer-assisted translation
Process by which a human translator uses computer software to facilitate translation. Commonly abbreviated CAT.
|
|
|
Computer-assisted translation software
Also called CAT tools.
|
|
|
Concatenation
Procedure of linking multiple files or messages together as a single document, often to facilitate processes such as search and replacement, term list extraction, collocation finding, and repetition rate establishment.
|
|
|
Concordance
Process through which a computer-assisted translation software program compiles a list of contexts for terms in order to define the term and its equivalent in the target language more precisely.
|
|
|
Conference interpreting
Interpretation provided in conference settings.
|
|
|
Consecutive interpretation
Process through which an interpreter orally conveys a speaker’s words into another language after the speaker completes an utterance, usually relying on memory and note-taking, or though voice-silencing technology, which allows the interpreter to record
|
|
|
Consistency
Measure of how often a term or phrase is rendered the same way into the target language.
|
|
|
Content delivery application
Program that uses and compiles information to update a web site.
|
|
|
Content management system
Tool that stores, organizes, maintains, and retrieves data.
|
|
|
Context
Information outside of the actual text that is essential for complete comprehension.
|
|
|
Controlled language
Language in which grammar, vocabulary and syntax are restricted in order to reduce ambiguity and complexity and to make the source language easier to understand by native and non-native speakers and easier to translate with machine and human translation.
|
|
|
Controlled vocabulary
Standardized terms and phrases that constitute a system’s vocabulary.
|
|
|
Corpus
Compilation of texts that is helpful for collecting data, conducting research, and analyzing natural language text.
|
|
|
Country code
Abbreviation of two or three characters to signify a country or dependent area. ISO 3166 specifies country codes, such as “AL” for Albania and “CZ” for the Czech Republic. There are also country codes for telephone numbers, such as +1 for the U.S. and Can
|
|
|
Court interpreting
Interpretation that takes place in court settings.
|
|
|
Creole
Language that develops when speakers of different languages remain in ongoing and persistent contact with one another, usually with one language group characterized by having greater political or economic power than another.
|
|
|
CT3
Abbreviation for community, crowdsourced, and collaborative translation.
|
|
|
Cultural adaptation
Adjustment of a translation to conform with the target culture.
|
|
|
Cultural assessment
Examination of an individual’s or group’s cultural preferences through comparative analyses.
|
|
|
Cultural brokering
Practice by which an interpreter provides cultural information in order to help the listener gain a better understanding of the speaker's intended meaning.
|
|
|
Cultural competence
Ability of an individual or organization to work effectively with individuals or groups with diverse cultural backgrounds.
|
|
|
Cultural sorting
Organization of a text in an order typical for a certain culture, such as alphabetical order in the United States and character stroke order in China.
|
|
|
Culturally-sensitive translation
Translation that takes into account cultural differences.
|
|
|
Customer experience level
Level that describes the experience of a web site visitor. Commonly abbreviated CEL.
|
|
|
DBE
Abbreviation for double-byte enabled.
|
|
|
Desktop publishing
Applications like FrameMaker, PageMaker, and QuarkXPress to prepare documentation for publication.
|
|
|
Diacritical mark
Symbol that signifies an alteration to the character around which it is placed, such as the apostrophe [‘] and circumflex [^].
|
|
|
Diacritical weight
Relative value of a diacritical mark in a collation sequence.
|
|
|
Dialect
Variety of a language spoken by members of a particular locale and characterized by a unique vocabulary, grammar and pronunciation.
|
|
|
Diaspora
A dispersion of people, language or culture from its original homeland.
|
|
|
Dipthong
Speech sound that shifts vowel tones within one syllable. Examples include the words “low” (English), “oui” (French), and “muita” (Portuguese).
|
|
|
Direct speech interpretation
Practice by which the speaker's utterances are rendered into the target language directly, without changing pronouns or prefacing renditions with the words, "he said," or "she said." A direct speech interpretation of the w
|
|
|
Disambiguation
Process of cleaning up a text in order to eliminate ambiguities to make translation more accurate.
|
|
|
Distortion
Alteration from the original source.
|
|
|
DITA
XML-based architecture for authoring, producing and delivering technical information.
|
|
|
D-M18N
Abbreviation for domestic multiculturalization.
|
|
|
DNT
Abbreviation for do not translate.
|
|
|
Do not translate
List of phrases and words such as brand names and trademarks that do not require translation. Commonly abbreviated DNT.
|
|
|
Document type definition
Description of how content should be structured, providing rules for tags and characteristics, to enable programs to more easily process and store the document. Commonly abbreviated DTD.
|
|
|
Domain
Area of knowledge that is communicated within a text, translation, or corpus.
|
|
|
Domestic multiculturalization
Multiculturalization that takes place within a country's borders. Commonly abbreviated D-M18N.
|
|
|
Dominant language
1. Language in which a person primarily communicates, usually his or her native language. 2. Language spoken by those who hold political and/or economic power.
|
|
|
Double-byte character set
Character set that enables representation of double-byte languages.
|
|
|
Double-byte enabled
Quality of an application or program that supports double-byte languages. Commonly abbreviated DBE.
|
|
|
Double-byte language
Language – such as Chinese, Korean, and Japanese – that requires two bytes (16 bits) to represent each character precisely.
|
|
|
DTD
Abbreviation for document type definition.
|
|
|
DTP
Abbreviation for desktop publishing.
|
|
|
Dubbing
Recording or replacement of voices commonly used in motion pictures and videos for which the recorded voices do not belong to the original actors or speakers and are in a different language.
|
|
|
Dynamic content
Data produced in response to changeable, unfixed and retrieved from a database through user requests.
|
|
|
Eastern Arabic numerals
Set of symbols used to represent numbers in combination with the Arabic alphabet in various countries, including Afghanistan, Egypt, Iran, Pakistan, Sudan, and parts of India. Also called Arabic Eastern Numerals.
|
|
|
Editing
Second level of review in the traditional TEP process.
|
|
|
Encoding scheme
System that assigns a numeric value to each character, in order to convert the character set to an automated form for transmitting and maintaining information.
|
|
|
Enter CEL
Customer experience level in which a visitor arrives at a site and establishes interest or leaves.
|
|
|
Escort interpreting
Interpretation that takes place for a person or delegation, for casual and/or professional communications.
|
|
|
Ethnic marketing
Marketing that is designed to reach a specific linguistic or cultural group, usually a minority group.
|
|
|
Exact match
Indication that a unit of text is 100% identical to a previously translated unit within a translation memory.
|
|
|
Example-based machine translation
Form of machine translation that uses previously translated texts to produce a new translation, rather than creating a new translation from an actual translation and analysis of the source text.
|
|
|
Extended characters
Characters that exceed the ASCII character range of seven bits, such as characters with diacritical marks or non-Roman characters.
|
|
|
eXtensible markup language
Metadata language used to describe other markup languages. Commonly abbreviated XML.
|
|
|
Extreme globalization
Globalization projects that involve immense scalability, huge complexity, the use of XML-based and web services, extraordinary organizational efforts, and the need for massive amounts of translation and localization leverage.
|
|
|
F2F
Abbreviation for face-to-face interpretation.
|
|
|
Face cognates
Words that are thought to share a common origin but actually do not. For example, the words “embarrassed” and “embarazada” (Spanish for “pregnant”).
|
|
|
Face-to-face interpretation
Spoken language conversion by a human interpreter in the same location as the two parties who wish to communicate. Commonly abbreviated F2F.
|
|
|
False friends
See false cognates.
|
|
|
FAQT
Abbreviation for fully automated quality translation.
|
|
|
Faux amis
See false cognates.
|
|
|
Federal court interpreter
Interpreter who has obtained certification that permits him or her to interpret during U.S. federal court proceedings.
|
|
|
FIGS
Abbreviation for French, Italian, German, and Spanish.
|
|
|
Fine-grained TM
Translation memory based on word- or syntagm-level segments.
|
|
|
First language
Language a person learns first in life.
|
|
|
First person interpretation
Practice by which the speaker's utterances are rendered into the target language directly, without changing pronouns or prefacing renditions with the words, "he said," or "she said." A first person interpretation of the words
|
|
|
Fixed booth
Area built into a meeting room from which interpreters can perform simultaneous interpretation.
|
|
|
Foreign language
Language that is not one’s native language.
|
|
|
Freelance translator
Translator who works as a freelancer.
|
|
|
Freelancer
Individual who is self-employed and works for multiple companies on a per-project or contractual basis.
|
|
|
Full match
See exact match.
|
|
|
Fully automated quality translation
Machine translation output with no human post-processing or editing, but suitable as a replacement for human translation. This type of MT is the ultimate goal of technologists. Commonly abbreviated FAQT.
|
|
|
Fully automated useful translation
Machine translation output with no human intervention, but typically with a lower bar for quality than fully automated quality translation. Commonly abbreviated FAUT.
|
|
|
Functional quality assurance
See functional testing.
|
|
|
Functional testing
Reviewing software applications and programs to ensure that the localization process does not change the software or impair its functions or on-screen content display.
|
|
|
Fuzzy logic
Process that creates near matches in text to translation memory terms when exact matches cannot be found.
|
|
|
Fuzzy match
Indication that words or sentences are partially – but not exactly – matched to previous translations.
|
|
|
G11N
Abbreviation for globalization, with the number 11 representing the number of characters between the G and N.
|
|
|
GB 18030
Non-Unicode code page that contains room for 1.6 million one-, two- or four-byte characters and includes characters for Traditional Chinese, Mongolian, Tibetan, Yi and Uyghur scripts.
|
|
|
GCMS
Abbreviation for global content management system.
|
|
|
Geolocation
Process of identifying the geographic location of an individual, computer, or device based on their IP address..
|
|
|
GILT
Acronym for globalization, internationalization, localization, and translation.
|
|
|
GIM
Abbreviation for global information management.
|
|
|
Gist translation
Use of human or machine translation to create a rough translation of the source text that allows the reader to understand the essence of the text.
|
|
|
Global content management system
Program that manages the translation and frequently changing content on global websites.
|
|
|
Global information management
Term used by some suppliers to describe multilingual content management applications.
|
|
|
Global information management.
Term used by some suppliers to describe multilingual content management applications.
|
|
|
Globalization
Process of adapting and modifying a product, website, or company for multiple international markets. Commonly abbreviated G11N.
|
|
|
Globalization content management system
Obsolete term for when globalization management system vendors positioned their products as replacements for content management systems.
|
|
|
Globalization management system
See translation management system.
|
|
|
Globalization service buyer
Companies or managers who purchase language services or technology. Commonly abbreviated GSB.
|
|
|
Globalization service buyer.
Companies or managers who purchase language services or technology. Commonly abbreviated GSB.
|
|
|
Glocal
Combination of the words ‘global’ and ‘local,’ used to describe products or services intended for international markets and have been customized for different languages, countries, and cultures
|
|
|
Glyph
Visual representation of a character depending on the font.
|
|
|
GMS
Abbreviation for globalization management system.
|
|
|
GSB
Abbreviation for globalization service buyer.
|
|
|
HDL
Abbreviation for high-demand languages.
|
|
|
Healthcare interpreting
Interpretation that takes place in medical or healthcare settings.
|
|
|
High-demand languages.
Languages for which there is high demand in a given market; for example, Spanish in the U.S. Commonly abbreviated HDL.
|
|
|
Homographs
Words that are spelled the same but have different meanings, origins, or pronunciations. For example, "read" (present tense) vs. "read" (past tense); "plain," "plane," and "plein."
|
|
|
|
|
Homophones
Words that sound alike but have different meanings, origins, or spellings. For example, "heir" and "hair," and "red" and "read" (past tense of verb).
|
|
|
Human translation
Translation carried out by a human, with or without the help of machines or software. Commonly abbreviated HT.
|
|
|
Human translator
Individuals who perform translation without the help of machines or software.
|
|
|
Human-assisted machine translation
Machine translation complemented by human post-editing. Commonly abbreviated HAMT.
|
|
|
Human-delivered service company
A company that offers process-centric services largely delivered by humans. Translation companies, accountancy, and ad agencies are examples of such firms.
|
|
|
I18N
Abbreviation for internationalization, in which the number 18 represents the number of letters between the first and last letters.
|
|
|
IBMS
Abbreviation for interpretation business management system.
|
|
|
ICU
Abbreviation for international components for Unicode.
|
|
|
Ideographic language
Written language where each character represents an idea or concept or meaning, and not just a pronunciation or sound. Examples of ideographic languages are Chinese and Japanese.
|
|
|
IM
Abbreviation for interpretation memory.
|
|
|
Inbound text
Text intended only for use within an organization.
|
|
|
In-country review
Evaluation of a translated text by an individual who resides within the country where the target text will be used.
|
|
|
Indirect speech interpretation
Practice by which the speaker's utterances are rendered into the target language indirectly, changing pronouns and prefacing renditions with words such as, "he said," or "she said." An indirect speech interpretation of the
|
|
|
In-house translator
Translator who works full-time for a given organization.
|
|
|
In-language review
Evaluation of a translated text by an individual who speaks the target text natively.
|
|
|
Input method editor
Tool that allows users to input characters not located on the original keyboard.
|
|
|
Integration testing
Evaluation carried out to confirm that multiple information technology components can communicate with one another.
|
|
|
International components for Unicode
Set of libraries for Java and C/C++ that enables applications to produce the same results across multiple platforms. Commonly abbreviated ICU.
|
|
|
Internationalization
Process of designing a product in such a way that it can be easily changed or adapted or localized for numerous countries, regions or languages. Commonly abbreviated I18N.
|
|
|
Interpretation
Process of rendering oral spoken or signed communication from one language to another, or the output that results from this process.
|
|
|
Interpretation business management system
Software and web-based applications that support the delivery of and access to interpreting services. Commonly abbreviated IBMS.
|
|
|
Interpretation memory
Spoken language words or utterances that have been previously transcribed, translated, and recorded in order to automate future interpretation. Commonly abbreviated IM.
|
|
|
Interpreter
Person who provides interpretation.
|
|
|
Interpreting
Act of providing interpretation.
|
|
|
ISO 2603
Guide that lists standards for fixed booth interpretation.
|
|
|
ISO 4043
Guide that lists standards for mobile booth interpretation.
|
|
|
ISO 639
Standard list of codes for language names.
|
|
|
ISO 8859
Group of character sets that encode characters based on the alphabets of different locales.
|
|
|
ISO/IEC 10646
Standardized coded character set designed with the goal of giving a unique coded representation to every character in all written languages in the world.
|
|
|
JIS
Abbreviation for Japanese Industrial Standard.
|
|
|
|
|
L10N
Abbreviation for localization, in which the number 10 represents the letters between the first and last letters.
|
|
|
Language
System of signed, spoken, or written communication.
|
|
|
Language access ratio
Metric that incorporates linguistic diversity, hospital size, and spending on interpreting services to calculate the average spend on interpreting services per LEP hospital bed. Commonly abbreviated LAR.
|
|
|
Language combination
Group of active and passive languages used by an interpreter.
|
|
|
Language kit
Add-on feature that permits a keyboard to produce character sets for a given language.
|
|
|
Language of habitual use
Language in which a person communicates most often.
|
|
|
Language pair
Languages in which a translator or interpreter can provide services, such as English into Spanish, French into Chinese, and so on.
|
|
|
Language resources
Add-on feature that permits a keyboard to produce character sets for a given language.
|
|
|
Language service provider
An organization or business with two or more employees that supplies language services, such as translation, localization, or interpretation. Commonly abbreviated LSP.
|
|
|
Language technology
Computer software that facilitates the translation or localization of texts.
|
|
|
Languages of limited demand
Languages for which there is limited demand in a given market; for example, Hausa in Japan. Commonly abbreviated LLD.
|
|
|
LAR
Abbreviation for language access ratio.
|
|
|
Latin alphabet
Characters derived primarily from the Roman alphabet.
|
|
|
Lay interpreter
Person who provides interpretation services on an irregular basis, usually without the benefit of any formal training or professional preparation.
|
|
|
Learning management system
Software that facilitates the automation of learning.
|
|
|
Legal interpretation
Interpretation that takes place in legal settings, including situations that take place outside of courtrooms.
|
|
|
Legal translation
Translation of legal texts.
|
|
|
Lemmatization
1 Process of grouping together the various inflected forms of a word to facilitate collective analysis. 2 Process by which a machine determines the base form of a word.
|
|
|
LEP
Abbreviation for limited English proficiency.
|
|
|
Leverage
1 Practice of reusing previously translated terms and phrases in new translations. 2 Rank which evaluates how much of the previously translated text can be reused.
|
|
|
Lexical sorting
See cultural sorting.
|
|
|
Linguistic adaptation
Modification of a text in order to tailor it to an audience or locale different than the one for which it was first produced.
|
|
|
Linguistic data processing
See computational linguistics.
|
|
|
Literal translation
Translation that closely follows the phrasing, order and sentence construction of the source text.
|
|
|
Literary translator
Individual who translates literature and poetry.
|
|
|
LLD
Abbreviation for languages of limited demand.
|
|
|
LMM
Abbreviation for localization maturity model.
|
|
|
LMS
Abbreviation for learning management system.
|
|
|
Loanword
Word or group of words adopted directly from one language into another.
|
|
|
Locale
Set of attributes specific to a language and geographical region.
|
|
|
Localization
Process of adapting or modifying a product, service, or website for a given language, culture or region.
|
|
|
Localization engineering
Software engineering carried out to support localization. Activities include internationalization, bug fixing, functionality testing, dialog box resizing, help compilation, and other software-related activities. Most LSPs charge for these services by the
|
|
|
Localization maturity model
Capability maturity model that describes localization maturity at various phases. Commonly abbreviated LMM.
|
|
|
Localization specialist
Individual who has specialized knowledge and skills in localization.
|
|
|
Localization tool
Application that assists with the translation and adaptation required for localization.
|
|
|
Localizer
Organization or person who performs localization.
|
|
|
Lossless
Describes a conversion process in which all of the information is retained.
|
|
|
LSP
Abbreviation for language service provider.
|
|
|
M18N
Abbreviation for multinationalization, with the number 18 representing the number of characters between the M and N.
|
|
|
Machine interpretation
Spoken language conversion that is completely automated and does not require humans. Commonly abbreviated MI.
|
|
|
Machine translation
Translation carried out exclusively by a machine. Commonly abbreviated MT.
|
|
|
Machine translation plus translation memory
A workflow and technology process in which terms not found in translation memory are automatically sent to the machine translation software for translation. Commonly abbreviated MTM.</strong>
|
|
|
Machine-aided translation
See computer-assisted translation.
|
|
|
Markup language
Artificial language that uses annotations to indicate how text should be formatted.
|
|
|
Markup-aware
Describes translation memory tools that do not change tags.
|
|
|
Match
Indication that words or sentences are matched - either partially or fully - to previous translations.
|
|
|
MBCS
Abbreviation for multi-byte character set.
|
|
|
Meaning-for-meaning translation
Translation for which the words used in both languages may not be exact equivalents, but the meaning is the same.
|
|
|
Medical interpreting
See healthcare interpreting.
|
|
|
Mega-language
One of the ten most important languages on the web, including Chinese, Dutch, French, German, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Portuguese, Russian, and Spanish.
|
|
|
Metadata
Information that describes data.
|
|
|
MI
Abbreviation for machine interpretation.
|
|
|
Middleware
Computer software that enables software applications or components to communicate with each other.
|
|
|
Minutes per month
Standard unit of measure for phone-based interpreting services. Commonly abbreviated MPM.
|
|
|
MLV
Abbreviation for multi-language vendor.
|
|
|
Mode
Method of providing interpretation, such as simultaneous interpretation.
|
|
|
Morpheme
Smallest unit of meaning in a language.
|
|
|
Morphology
Academic discipline devoted to the study of the forms and structure of words.
|
|
|
Mother tongue
Native and first learned language of an individual.
|
|
|
MPM
Abbreviation for minutes per month.
|
|
|
MT
Abbreviation for machine translation.
|
|
|
Multi-byte character set
Character set in which the number of bytes per character varies. Abbreviated MBCS.
|
|
|
Multi-byte language
Language that requires the use of a multi-byte character set.
|
|
|
Multiculturalization
Process by which the linguistic and cultural diversity among a group of people increases.
|
|
|
Multi-language vendor
Language service provider that offers services in multiple language pairs. Abbreviated MLV.
|
|
|
Multilingual workflow
Automation of business processes related to the development of multilingual products by managing multilingual content, usually through a translation management system, machine translation, and translation memory.
|
|
|
Multinationalization
Process of expanding an organization's presence into multiple nations. Commonly abbreviated M18N.
|
|
|
Multiple language vendor
See multi-language vendor.
|
|
|
Natal language
See mother tongue.
|
|
|
National language version
Product version that is developed in the language of a given geographic region or locale.
|
|
|
Native language
First language that a human learns naturally, usually since childhood.
|
|
|
Native speaker
Person who has full mastery of a language.
|
|
|
Natural language
Language used by humans.
|
|
|
Natural language processing
Study of computer processing of natural language.
|
|
|
Near match
See fuzzy match.
|
|
|
Near-native proficiency
Ability to use a language at a level that approximates that of a native speaker.
|
|
|
Nearshoring
Outsourcing in which business processes or operations are relocated to locations that are geographically close by. Examples: offshoring from Germany to Bulgaria or from the United States to Mexico.
|
|
|
Neutral Spanish
Spanish that is mutually intelligible by speakers from various parts of the Spanish-speaking world and is not immediately identifiable with any single regional variety of the language. No standards exist for defining neutral Spanish.
|
|
|
Next-wave language
One of the languages of growing importance on the web.
|
|
|
N-gram
Sub-sequence used to analyze letters, words, or base pairs in statistical natural language processing.
|
|
|
Notarization
Process of authenticating a signature, statement, or document by a Notary Public.
|
|
|
Notarized translation
Document for which a translator has attested under oath that the translation is true and accurate before a notary public.
|
|
|
Notary public
Officer who is authorized to conduct notarizations.
|
|
|
ODI
Abbreviation for on-demand interpretation.
|
|
|
Offshore outsourcing
Practice of working with individuals or businesses in other countries to carry out work previously or typically performed by internal staff.
|
|
|
Offshoring
See offshore outsourcing.
|
|
|
OLIF
Abbreviation for open lexicon interchange format.
|
|
|
OLMT
Abbreviation for online machine translation.
|
|
|
On-demand interpretation
Spoken language conversion, by either humans or machines, that can be accessed on demand. Umbrella term for all forms of remote and face-to-face interpreting that can be accessed immediately, without prior scheduling. Commonly abbreviated ODI.
|
|
|
Online machine translation
Machine translation services that are available online, usually at no cost.
|
|
|
On-site interpretation
Interpretation that takes place when all parties are physically located in the same location.
|
|
|
Ontology
Description of the relationships between concepts, objects, and other entities within a given field.
|
|
|
Open lexicon interchange format
Format that enables the exchange of terminological and lexical data. Commonly abbreviated OLIF.
|
|
|
Open-source software
Computer programs for which the source code is available, enabling users to view and/or modify it.
|
|
|
OPI
Abbreviation for over-the-phone interpretation.
|
|
|
Outsourcing
Practice of working with third party individuals or businesses to carry out work previously or typically performed by internal staff.
|
|
|
Over-the-phone interpretation
See telephone interpretation.
|
|
|
Parallel text
Text in the source language placed near translations so that each version of the text can be compared.
|
|
|
Participate CEL
Customer experience level in which a visitor finds value in sharing experiences with others.
|
|
|
Passive language
Language from which an interpreter renders interpretation.
|
|
|
Peer-level editing
Form of editing that is most common and least expensive; entails having translators review the work of other translators.
|
|
|
Phonology
Area of study within linguistics dedicated to the study of sounds.
|
|
|
Phraseological dictionary
Compilation of frequently used phrases.
|
|
|
Plain English
Method of writing English that employs a clear and simple style, usually for the purpose of improving readability. Among its features are using only active verbs (no passive voices) and making sure that each word has only one meaning.
|
|
|
PM
Abbreviation for project manager.
|
|
|
PNG
Abbreviation for portable network graphics.
|
|
|
Portable network graphics
Format that combines GIF and JPEG formats. Commonly abbreviated PNG.
|
|
|
Post-editing
Process by which one or more humans review, edit, and improve the quality of machine translation output.
|
|
|
Post-processed machine translation
Machine translation complemented by human post-editing. Commonly abbreviated PPMT.
|
|
|
PPMT
Abbreviation for post-processed machine translation.
|
|
|
PPW
Abbreviation for price per word.
|
|
|
Pre-editing
Process by which a text is edited prior to translation in order to clarify ambiguous terms and increase translatability.
|
|
|
Pre-translation
Phase of translation process in which documents are prepared for conversion into another language. Usually includes an automated analysis against translation memories so that previously translated text is inserted in a file, therefore avoiding rework and
|
|
|
Price per word
Common unit of measure used to calculate the cost of translation projects. Commonly abbreviated PPW.
|
|
|
Proficiency
Measure of one's ability to use a language.
|
|
|
Project manager
Individual who carries out management and coordination tasks for a given translation project. Commonly abbreviated PM.
|
|
|
Project setup
Translation preprocessing steps include tasks such as glossary and style guide preparation, project planning, file preparation, content familiarization, and training.
|
|
|
Proofreading
Practice of checking a translated text to identify and correct spelling, grammar, syntax, and coherency and integrity errors, (usually carried out by a second linguist or translator. - not necessarily. Proofreading can be done by editors with no second la
|
|
|
Pseudo-localization
Automated process that simulates localization by using randomly produced code strings to test the impact of the functionality and appearance of a given product.
|
|
|
Pseudo-translation
Automated process that simulates translation by using randomly produced text with qualities of human-generated language to identify potential problems with translation.
|
|
|
Public service interpreting
Interpretation that takes place in settings where services are provided by government bodies.
|
|
|
QA
Abbreviation for quality assurance.
|
|
|
QC
Abbreviation for quality control.
|
|
|
QI
Abbreviation for quality improvement.
|
|
|
Quality assurance
Process designed to ensure translation quality, in which specific processes are followed with the purpose of minimizing errors.
|
|
|
Quality control
Process designed to ensure translation quality, in which the target text is reviewed with the purpose of catching errors.
|
|
|
Quality improvement
Process designed to ensure translation quality, in which the overall goal is to enhance performance.
|
|
|
RBMT
Abbreviation for rules-based machine translation.
|
|
|
Register
Measure of formality of language dependent upon the tone, terminology, and grammar implemented.
|
|
|
Register CEL
Customer experience level in which a visitor fills out a contact form, sends an e-mail, or subscribes to a newsletter.
|
|
|
Relay interpreting
Method of interpretation used when no interpreter for the required language pair is available, in which one interpreter transmits the source language utterance into another language, after which a second interpreter transmits this utterance into the targe
|
|
|
Remote interpretation
Interpretation performed by an interpreter in a remote location.
|
|
|
Remote language mediation
Spoken or written language conversion that occurs with the assistance of a remote linguist, usually in real time. Commonly abbreviated RLM.
|
|
|
Repetition
Sentence or phrase that is repeated in the source text.
|
|
|
Repetition rate
Numerical representation of the percentage of terms or segments that reoccur within a text.
|
|
|
Resource bundle
Software component that stores application data outside of the actual program, enabling users to revise user interface attributes without the need to recompile the software, facilitating translation into other languages.
|
|
|
Resource description framework
Data model used to provide standard descriptions of web resources for machine-readable metadata.
|
|
|
Return on investment
Financial metric that measures the ratio of money gained or lost on an investment relative to the amount of money invested. Commonly abbreviated ROI.
|
|
|
Right-to-left language
Writing system in which the text normally reads from right to left, such as Hebrew, Arabic, Urdu, and Farsi.
|
|
|
RLM
Abbreviation for remote language mediation.
|
|
|
ROI
Abbreviation for return on investment.
|
|
|
Roman numerals
System of numerals that evolved from the system used in classical Rome, often used for purposes such as numbering pages in introductions or prefaces.
|
|
|
Romanization
Representation of a word from a language that typically uses a different writing system in the Latin alphabet.
|
|
|
Rules-based machine translation
Original machine translation solutions that combined the theories of traditional and generative grammarians, linguists who dealt with an idealized speaker or listener with a focus on precision; they converted their grammars into systematic, encyclopedic s
|
|
|
SDK
Abbreviation for software development kit.
|
|
|
Segment
Sentence or phrase that is separated from the rest of a text based on language construction rules such as punctuation.
|
|
|
Semantic translation
Type of translation in which transmitting the meaning of the text is of primary importance, whereas preserving the original structure, grammar, and terminology is less important.
|
|
|
Semantics
Area of study within the field of linguistics devoted to understanding the meaning of texts.
|
|
|
Senior-level editing
Form of editing that is most common for specialized translation, such as legal and medical; entails having more experienced translators review the work of less experienced translators.
|
|
|
Shift-JIS
Character encoding program for the Japanese language.
|
|
|
Shop CEL
Customer experience level in which a visitor learns about specifics of one or more offerings, like pricing, availability, and terms and conditions.
|
|
|
Sight translation
Process of converting a written text to spoken language.
|
|
|
Sign language
Language that uses facial, manual, and/or other body movements.
|
|
|
Simplified Chinese
Contemporary written Chinese language used in mainland China and Singapore.
|
|
|
SimShip
Abbreviation for simultaneous shipment.
|
|
|
Simultaneous interpretation
Mode of interpretation in which the interpreter listens to speech and simultaneously renders it into the target language.
|
|
|
Simultaneous interpretation equipment
Headset, transmitter and other audio/video equipment used for simultaneous interpretation.
|
|
|
Simultaneous shipment
Release of a product in multiple languages at the same time. Commonly abbreviated SimShip.
|
|
|
Single language vendor
Language service provider that specializes in translation for a single language pair.
|
|
|
Single source concept
Use of one source to create multiple output formats.
|
|
|
Single sourcing
Process of producing a document in one format and automatically translating or publishing it into multiple formats.
|
|
|
Single-byte character set
Character set in which a single 8-bit byte represents a character.
|
|
|
Single-byte encoding
Quality of an application or program that supports single-byte characters.
|
|
|
SMT
Abbreviation for statistical machine translation.
|
|
|
Social interpreting
Interpretation that takes place in settings where social services are provided.
|
|
|
Software as a Service
A software licensing and distribution model in which a company provides operations, storage, maintenance, and support for its product, typically over the internet. Commonly abbreviated SaaS.
|
|
|
Software development kit
Documentation and source code that facilitate the process of developing programs that interface with a given product. Commonly abbreviated SDK.
|
|
|
Software engineering
See localization engineering.
|
|
|
Software localization
Process of translating and adapting computer software from one language and culture into another.
|
|
|
Source code
Code that is compiled to develop a program.
|
|
|
Source count
Number of words in a text to be translated.
|
|
|
Source file
File that contains the source document in its original form, as opposed to a generated file, and is required for localization processes.
|
|
|
Source language
Original language of the text that to be translated.
|
|
|
Source text
Text to be translated.
|
|
|
Source text analysis
Analysis of the source text prior to translation that provides a better idea of the difficulty of the translation.
|
|
|
Standard line
Measure of the usual number of keystrokes per line in a certain text, which varies per country, and consists on average of 50 to 60 characters; commonly used for translation projects that are priced on a per line basis.
|
|
|
Statistical machine translation
Second-generation solutions that take a probability-based approach to translation through computational analysis of data, treating data as character strings, determining patterns, and leveraging regularities. Commonly abbreviated SMT.
|
|
|
Style guide
Document that describes the correct grammar, punctuation, spelling, style and numeric formats to ensure consistency and quality in a translated text.
|
|
|
Style sheet
Document or template that describes the structure and format of a document, with instructions regarding fonts, page size, spacing, margins, paragraph styles and tag mark-ups to ensure consistency and quality in a translated text.
|
|
|
Subtitling
See captioning.
|
|
|
Support CEL
Customer experience level in which a visitor experiences anxiety and seeks assistance.
|
|
|
Sworn translator
Translator who has been appointed by an official government body as someone authorized to produce translations.
|
|
|
Syntagm
Syntactic string of words that forms a part of a larger syntactic unit.
|
|
|
Syntax
Study of structure and elements that form grammatical sentences.
|
|
|
T9N
Abbreviation for translation, in which the number 9 represents the number of letters between the first and last letters.
|
|
|
TAA
Abbreviation for total available audience.
|
|
|
Tagging
Marking content in a document with information about its content.
|
|
|
Target audience
Group of people who receive the information rendered by the interpreter in the target language.
|
|
|
Target language
Language into which the text is translated.
|
|
|
Target text
Text that has been translated.
|
|
|
TBX
Abbreviation for term base eXchange.
|
|
|
Technical interpretation
Interpretation for technical settings, such as meetings and conferences in the fields of engineering, telecommunications, and technology.
|
|
|
Technical translation
Translation of technical texts, such as user or maintenance manuals, catalogues and data sheets.
|
|
|
Telephone interpretation
Spoken language conversion that is provided by a remote human interpreter via telephone, be that through a traditional phone or via VoIP. Commonly abbreviated TI.
|
|
|
TEP
Abbreviation for translate-edit-proof.
|
|
|
Term
Word, phrase, symbol or formula that describes or designates a particular concept.
|
|
|
Term base
See terminology database.
|
|
|
Term base eXchange
XML standard for exchanging terminological data. Commonly abbreviated TBX.
|
|
|
Term extraction
Selecting terms in a text and placing them in a terminology database for analysis at a later time.
|
|
|
Term harvesting
See term extraction.
|
|
|
Term list
1. List of terms, usually in more than one language. 2. Input/output text files.
|
|
|
Term mining
See term extraction.
|
|
|
Terminology
Collection of terms.
|
|
|
Terminology analysis
Process carried out prior to translation in order to analyze the vocabulary within a text and its meaning within the given context, often for the purpose of creating specialized dictionaries within specific fields.
|
|
|
Terminology database
Electronic repository of terms and associated data.
|
|
|
Terminology list
See term list.
|
|
|
Terminology management
Use of computer software to manage translation resources, create terminology databases for translation projects, and improve productivity and consistency.
|
|
|
Terminology management tool
Computer application that facilitates terminology management.
|
|
|
Terminology manager
Software application that facilitates the process of translation by interacting with a terminology database.
|
|
|
Terminology software
Data processing tool that allows one to create, edit and consult text or electronic dictionaries
|
|
|
Text expansion
Process that often occurs during translation in which the total number of characters in the target text exceeds that of the source text.
|
|
|
Text extraction
Process in which the text from a source file is placed into a word processing file for use by a linguist
|
|
|
Text style
Characteristics of terminology, style and sentence formation within a given text.
|
|
|
Text type
See text style.
|
|
|
Text volume
Amount of text based on character count or standard lines, often used to price translation projects.
|
|
|
Third person interpretation
Practice by which the speaker's utterances are rendered into the target language indirectly, changing pronouns and prefacing renditions with words such as, "he said," or "she said." An indirect speech interpretation of the
|
|
|
TI
Abbreviation for telephone interpretation.
|
|
|
TMS
Abbreviation for translation management system.
|
|
|
TMS scorecard
Assessment of service offerings and features of a given translation management system.
|
|
|
TMX
Abbreviation for translation memory eXchange.
|
|
|
Token
Identifier stored as part of a user's security profile.
|
|
|
Total available audience
Metric that represents web users in all supported countries, speaking all supported languages, for a specific thought. Commonly abbreviated TAA.
|
|
|
Traditional Chinese
Original Chinese ideographic character set used in Taiwan, Hong Kong, Macau and some Chinese communities who have not adopted the simplified characters used in the People's Republic of China.
|
|
|
Transcoding
Process by which character data is converted between different character sets.
|
|
|
Transcreation
Process by which new content is developed or adapted for a given target audience instead of merely translating existing material. It may include copywriting, image selection, font changes, and other transformations that tailor the message to the recipient
|
|
|
Transcription
Process of converting oral utterances into written form.
|
|
|
Translatability
Degree to which a text can be rendered into another language.
|
|
|
Translate-edit-proof
Most common set of steps used for linguistic quality assurance in translation production processes. Commonly abbreviated TEP.
|
|
|
Translation
Process of rendering written communication from one language into another, or the output that results from this process.
|
|
|
Translation agency
Organization that provides translation services.
|
|
|
Translation capacity
Average number of characters, words, lines, or pages that a professional translator can translate within a given time frame, such as a day, week, or month.
|
|
|
Translation company
See translation agency.
|
|
|
Translation in the cloud
It provides language services or tools such as translation, localization, and internationalization via the web. It is typically sold on an as-needed basis by the project, hour, or word volume. Some services may be sold by monthly or annual subscription. Buyers can buy as much or as little as they need, and require nothing more than a browser on a computer or other device to access it.
|
|
|
Translation kit
A set of files and instructions given to an LSP by a client. The purpose of a translation kit is to provide LSPs with expectations: the subject matter and target audience, files and format to be translated, delivery expectations, special considerations an
|
|
|
Translation management system
Program that manages translation and localization cycles, coordinates projects with source content management, and centralizes translation databases, glossaries, and additional information relevant to the translation process. Commonly abbreviated TMS.
|
|
|
Translation manager
Person in charge of managing one or more translation project.
|
|
|
Translation memory
Translated text segments that are stored in a database.
|
|
|
Translation memory eXchange
Standard for converting translation memories from one format to another. Commonly abbreviated TMX.
|
|
|
Translation memory plus machine translation
A workflow and technology process in which terms not found in translation memory are automatically sent to the machine translation software for translation, with the results fed back into the translation memory. Commonly abbreviated TMT.
|
|
|
Translation memory system
Computer-aided translation tool that offers translation suggestions from translation memory.
|
|
|
Translation portal
Web-based service that enables translation agencies, freelance translators and customers to contact one another and exchange services.
|
|
|
Translation rate
Price of translation, usually provided on a per-word, per-line, or per-page basis.
|
|
|
Translation unit
Segment of text treated as a single unit of meaning.
|
|
|
Translation verification test
Test used to verify that all content from the source text has been translated accurately and completely.
|
|
|
Translator
Person who performs translation.
|
|
|
Transliteration
Process of converting words from a source text or audio file into a written text that facilitates pronunciation of the words.
|
|
|
Unicode
16-bit character set that is capable of encoding the characters of the world's major language scripts.
|
|
|
Unicode consortium
Organization that was founded with the purpose of advancing the use of the Unicode standard.
|
|
|
Unicode standard
Industry encoding standard that allows computers to represent and manipulate text in most of the world's writing systems.
|
|
|
Unidirectional interpretation
Interpretation that takes place in only one direction. For example, spoken language is rendered from English into Japanese, but not from Japanese into English.
|
|
|
Universal Spanish
See neutral Spanish.
|
|
|
User-generated content
Content written or developed by users of a product or visitors to a website, such as Facebook, eBay, or Expedia.
|
|
|
User-translated content
Content translated by the community of users of a product or website.
|
|
|
UTF-16
Abbreviation for 16-bit Unicode transformation format.
|
|
|
UTF-32
Abbreviation for 32-bit Unicode transformation format.
|
|
|
UTF-8
Abbreviation for 8-bit Unicode transformation format.
|
|
|
Verbatim translation
See literal translation.
|
|
|
VI
Abbreviation for video interpretation.
|
|
|
Video interpretation
Spoken language conversion that is provided by a remote human interpreter via video, using videoconferencing equipment or web-based video call software, such as Skype. Commonly abbreviated VI.
|
|
|
Voice-over
Technique in which a disembodied voice narrates a film, documentary, or other visual media.
|
|
|
Western Arabic numerals
See Arabic numerals.
|
|
|
Whispered interpreting
See chuchotage.
|
|
|
Wireless interpretation equipment
Equipment that facilitates simultaneous interpretation, usually consisting of a batter-operated transmitter for the interpreter and a wireless receiver for the listener.
|
|
|
Word count
Total number of words in a text, typically used to price translation projects.
|
|
|
Word delimiter
Character, such as a space or carriage return, that marks a distinction between words in a text.
|
|
|
Word-for-word translation
See literal translation.
|
|
|
Workflow management
Computer or web-based applications used to direct translation and localization work processes.
|
|
|
Xenorevenue
Revenue earned by a company outside its domestic market.
|
|
|
XLIFF
Abbreviation for XML localisation interchange file format.
|
|
|
XML
Abbreviation for eXtensible markup language.
|
|
|
XML localization intercharge file format
XML specification for multilingual data exchange.
|
|
|
Zero translation
Absence of translation.
|
|